Description

This track collection contains structural variant (SV) calls derived from long-read sequencing studies. Structural variants are genomic rearrangements larger than ~50 bp, including deletions, insertions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Long-read sequencing technologies can span repetitive regions and resolve complex rearrangements that are difficult to detect with short-read methods.

Available Datasets

SV length statistics (min / median / max) are computed from the svLen field of each track, in base pairs. Some tracks include sites with svLen=0 (complex events where the reference and alternate alleles differ in sequence but not in length).

For short-read structural-variant comparators (CCDG 17,795, 1KG 3202, ToMMo 48K CNV) see the companion Short-read SVs supertrack.

Polymorphic Mobile Element Insertions (Alu, L1, SVA, HERVK, snRNA) called from HGSVC3 long-read assemblies are released as a separate track collection — see the Mobile Insertions tracks. Those MEIs are the insertions identified in the 65 HGSVC3 samples relative to the reference, available on both GRCh38/hg38 and T2T-CHM13/hs1.

Note: there is likely some overlap in sample composition across these collections. For example, 1000 Genomes samples are also included in HPRC and CoLoRSdb.

CoLoRSdb SVs

Structural variants from the Consortium of Long-Read Sequencing database (CoLoRSdb), from 1,427 PacBio HiFi long-read whole-genome sequences. ~426k SVs (insertions, deletions, inversions) called with pbsv and merged with Jasmine, with allele frequencies, genotype counts and Hardy-Weinberg statistics across the cohort.

Han 945 SVs

Structural variants from 945 Han Chinese individuals. ~111k SVs (deletions, insertions, duplications, inversions, translocations) merged with SURVIVOR. Includes allele frequencies and per-sample support.

1KG ONT 100 SVs

Structural variants from Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing of 100 1000 Genomes samples (5 superpopulations, 19 subpopulations) released by the 1000 Genomes ONT Sequencing Consortium and described in Gustafson et al. 2024. ~114k SVs (insertions, deletions, duplications, inversions) called with five callers and merged with Jasmine. This is a separate dataset from the Vienna 1KG-ONT release below; the 100 samples here do not overlap with the 1,019 samples in the Vienna release.

1KG ONT Vienna SVs

Structural variants from 1,019 individuals across 26 populations (1000 Genomes ONT). ~161k SVs annotated with SVAN, classifying insertions and deletions by mechanism of origin (mobile elements, VNTRs, processed pseudogenes, etc.). Original coordinates are on T2T-CHM13 (hs1); the hg38 version was created via liftOver. This is a separate dataset from the 1KG ONT 100 (Gustafson et al.) track above; the 1,019 samples here do not overlap with the 100 samples in that release.

ToMMo Japanese SVs

Structural variants from 333 Japanese individuals (111 trios) from the Tohoku Medical Megabank (ToMMo). ~74k SVs (deletions and insertions) with trio-based Mendelian error rates and allele frequencies.

AoU 1K SVs

Structural variants from 1,027 individuals from the All of Us (AoU) Research Program, sequenced with PacBio HiFi long reads. AoU is a deeply phenotyped biobank that includes participants with a range of conditions (e.g. diabetes, hearing loss, hypertension), so the cohort is not disease-free. ~541k SVs (insertions and deletions) with population-specific allele frequencies, gene annotations, and clinical trait associations.

GA4K SVs

Structural variants from 502 probands and family members enrolled in the Genomic Answers for Kids (GA4K) pediatric rare-disease program at Children's Mercy Research Institute, sequenced with PacBio HiFi long reads. ~116k replicated SVs (deletions, insertions, duplications, inversions) called with pbsv and merged with JASMINE. The matched GA4K small-variant callset (SNVs and short indels) lives alongside other population allele-frequency resources as GA4K 552 PacBio LR in the Variant Frequencies track collection.

deCODE 3,622 SVs

High-confidence structural variants from 3,622 Icelanders (deCODE genetics), sequenced with Oxford Nanopore long reads. ~134k SVs (deletions, insertions and combined insertion/deletion events). Site-only callset with annotated surrounding tandem-repeat regions.

HPRC v2 SVs

Structural variants derived from the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium release-2 minigraph-cactus pangenome graph, built from 233 PacBio HiFi haplotype-resolved assemblies (CHM13 + diverse 1000 Genomes samples). ~1.5M SV-sized alleles (INS, DEL, COMPLEX, INV) extracted with vg deconstruct and decomposed with vcfwave (WFA2).

HGSVC2 32 SVs

Structural variants from 32 haplotype-resolved diploid genomes (HGSVC2 freeze 4, Ebert et al. 2021). ~112k SVs (deletions, insertions and inversions) called from phased de novo assemblies with PAV, with per-variant 1000 Genomes population allele frequencies (insertions and deletions) and rich structural/gene annotations. An earlier HGSVC release complementary to HGSVC3.

HGSVC3 65 SVs

Structural variants from 65 diverse individuals sequenced and de novo assembled by the Human Genome Structural Variation Consortium phase 3 (HGSVC3). ~177k haplotype-resolved SVs (deletions, insertions and inversions) called with PAV and cross-validated with ten additional callers, with per-site carrier haplotype lists and structural annotations.

Kim PD Brain SVs

Structural variants from 100 post-mortem brain samples (Parkinson's disease, incidental Lewy body disease, and healthy controls) sequenced with PacBio HiFi long reads. ~75k high-confidence SVs (deletions, insertions, duplications, inversions) with per-cohort allele frequencies and case-control carrier-rate differentials, from Kim et al. 2026.

SVatalog 101 SVs

Structural variants from 101 long-read whole-genome sequences released alongside the GWAS SVatalog tool (Chirmade et al. 2026). The samples come from the CF Canada-Sick Kids Program in Individual CF Therapy (CFIT), a cystic-fibrosis (CF) patient cohort assembled to model patient-specific responses to CFTR modulator therapies (most participants are F508del homozygotes or F508del / minimal-function compound heterozygotes; a smaller number carry rare nonsense or missense CFTR mutations). ~87k SVs (deletions, insertions, duplications, inversions and complex events) annotated with gene overlaps, ClinGen / gnomAD constraint scores, OMIM / ClinVar / DGV / Decipher regional annotations.

Data Access

Each subtrack has its own documentation page with details on how to download and intersect the underlying annotations.

References

Gong J, Sun H, Wang K, Zhao Y, Huang Y, Chen Q, Qiao H, Gao Y, Zhao J, Ling Y et al. Long-read sequencing of 945 Han individuals identifies structural variants associated with phenotypic diversity and disease susceptibility. Nat Commun. 2025 Feb 10;16(1):1494. PMID: 39929826; PMC: PMC11811171

Schloissnig S, Pani S, Ebler J, Hain C, Tsapalou V, Söylev A, Hüther P, Ashraf H, Prodanov T, Asparuhova M et al. Structural variation in 1,019 diverse humans based on long-read sequencing. Nature. 2025 Aug;644(8076):442-452. PMID: 40702182; PMC: PMC12350158

Otsuki A, Okamura Y, Ishida N, Tadaka S, Takayama J, Kumada K, Kawashima J, Taguchi K, Minegishi N, Kuriyama S et al. Construction of a trio-based structural variation panel utilizing activated T lymphocytes and long- read sequencing technology. Commun Biol. 2022 Sep 20;5(1):991. PMID: 36127505; PMC: PMC9489684

Garimella KV, Li Q, Wertz J, Lee SK, Cunial F, Huang Y, Mostovoy Y, Lorig-Roach R, English A, Su H et al. Population-scale Long-read Sequencing in the All of Us Research Program. medRxiv. 2025 Oct 5;. PMID: 41256123; PMC: PMC12622093

Cohen ASA, Farrow EG, Abdelmoity AT, Alaimo JT, Amudhavalli SM, Anderson JT, Bansal L, Bartik L, Baybayan P, Belden B et al. Genomic answers for children: Dynamic analyses of >1000 pediatric rare disease genomes. Genet Med. 2022 Jun;24(6):1336-1348. PMID: 35305867

Beyter D, Ingimundardottir H, Oddsson A, Eggertsson HP, Bjornsson E, Jonsson H, Atlason BA, Kristmundsdottir S, Mehringer S, Hardarson MT et al. Long-read sequencing of 3,622 Icelanders provides insight into the role of structural variants in human diseases and other traits. Nat Genet. 2021 Jun;53(6):779-786. PMID: 33972781

Logsdon GA, Ebert P, Audano PA, Loftus M, Porubsky D, Ebler J, Yilmaz F, Hallast P, Prodanov T, Yoo D et al. Complex genetic variation in nearly complete human genomes. Nature. 2025 Aug;644(8076):430-441. PMID: 40702183; PMC: PMC12350169

Kim K, Lin Z, Simmons SK, Parker J, Kearney M, Liao Z, Haywood N, Zhang J, Cline MP, Tuncali I et al. Integrating Long-Read Structural Variant Analysis with single-nucleus RNA-seq to Elucidate Gene Expression Effects in Disease. bioRxiv. 2026 Mar 23;. PMID: 41929179; PMC: PMC13041997

Chirmade S, Wang Z, Mastromatteo S, Sanders E, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Nalpathamkalam T, Pellecchia G, Lin F, Keenan K, Patel RV et al. GWAS SVatalog: a visualization tool to aid fine-mapping of GWAS loci with structural variations. Heredity (Edinb). 2026 Mar;135(3):199-210. PMID: 41203876; PMC: PMC13031531

Gustafson JA, Gibson SB, Damaraju N, Zalusky MPG, Hoekzema K, Twesigomwe D, Yang L, Snead AA, Richmond PA, De Coster W et al. High-coverage nanopore sequencing of samples from the 1000 Genomes Project to build a comprehensive catalog of human genetic variation. Genome Res. 2024 Nov 20;34(11):2061-2073. PMID: 39358015; PMC: PMC11610458

Ebert P, Audano PA, Zhu Q, Rodriguez-Martin B, Porubsky D, Bonder MJ, Sulovari A, Ebler J, Zhou W, Serra Mari R et al. Haplotype-resolved diverse human genomes and integrated analysis of structural variation. Science. 2021 Apr 2;372(6537). PMID: 33632895; PMC: PMC8026704

Byrska-Bishop M, Evani US, Zhao X, Basile AO, Abel HJ, Regier AA, Corvelo A, Clarke WE, Musunuri R, Nagulapalli K et al. High-coverage whole-genome sequencing of the expanded 1000 Genomes Project cohort including 602 trios. Cell. 2022 Sep 1;185(18):3426-3440.e19. PMID: 36055201; PMC: PMC9439720